CNN - Cold War - A timeline of the Atomic Age

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now drawing to a close has been remarkable for the technological achievements made, as well as the violence unleashed by civilized nations. And nowhere have those two concepts come together more closely than in the development of nuclear energy and the invention of nuclear weapons, devices that could destroy all of humankind in a matter of hours. Click on the dates for a brief look at the landmarks of the Atomic Age.</P><P>DECEMBER 1938: FERMI, NUCLEAR FISSION<BR>Enrico Fermi wins the Nobel Prize for Physics for his developments in harnessing nuclear power. Fermi became the first physicist to split the atom. His later research pioneered nuclear power generation.</P><P>Also in 1938, German physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch succeed in splitting a uranium atom. They name the process "nuclear fission." </P><P>AUGUST 1939: EINSTEIN LETTER<BR>Physicist Albert Einstein sends a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning him that German researchers are working on an atomic bomb. Roosevelt forms a special committee to consider the military implications of atomic research.</P><P>DECEMBER 1941: PEARL HARBOR<BR>The United States enters World War II, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.</P><P>SEPTEMBER 1942: MANHATTAN PROJECT<BR>The Manhattan Project is formed, with the goal of developing an atomic weapon before the Germans.</P><P>JULY 1945: TRINITY TEST<BR>The United States detonates the first atomic device near Alamogordo, New Mexico.</P><P>AUGUST 1945: HIROSHIMA/NAGASAKI<BR>The United States drops atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and, three days later, Nagasaki. An estimated 110,000 people are killed outright by the blast of the two bombs. Tens of thousands more die in the months and years afterward from radiation poisoning. Japan surrenders several days after the atomic bomb attacks, ending World War II.</P><P>JULY 1946: BIKINI ATOLL<BR>The United States tests an atomic weapon on Bikini Atoll, in the Pacific. Four days after the test, the first Bikini swimsuits appear at a Paris fashion show.</P><P>AUGUST 1949: SOVIET BOMB<BR>The Soviet Union detonates its first atomic device, ending America's nuclear monopoly.</P><P>JUNE 1950: KOREAN WAR<BR>The Korean War begins, as Soviet-supplied North Korean forces invade South Korea.</P><P>NOVEMBER 1952: H-BOMB<BR>The United States tests its first hydrogen bomb.</P><P>JANUARY 1954: MASSIVE RETALIATION<BR>U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles says the United States must be ready to respond to the Communist challenge. He announces the policy that came to be known as "massive retaliation" -- any major Soviet attack would be met with a massive nuclear response.</P><P>SEPTEMBER 1957: UNDERGROUND TEST<BR>The United States sets off its first underground nuclear test in a desert near Las Vegas.</P><P>OCTOBER 1957: SPUTNIK<BR>The Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the world's first spacecraft. Also in October, the Windscale Nuclear Reactor in Britain catches fire. Radiation from the reactor is released.</P><P>SEPTEMBER 1961: FALLOUT SHELTERS<BR> In a letter published in LIFE magazine, President Kennedy advises Americans to build fallout shelters.</P><P>OCTOBER 1961: SOVIET MEGA-BOMB<BR>The Soviet Union detonates a nuclear device, estimated at 58 megatons, the equivalent of more than 50 million tons of TNT, or more than all the explosives used during World War II. It is the largest nuclear weapon the world had ever seen at that time.</P><P>OCTOBER 1962: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS<BR>The Soviet Union ships nuclear missiles to Cuba. Upon discovery of the missiles, the United States demands they be removed. For two weeks, the world is thrust to the brink of nuclear war, until Moscow agrees to remove the missiles.</P><P>AUGUST 1963: TEST BAN TREATY<BR>The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union sign the Limited Test Ban Treaty, which prohibits nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater and in outer space. More than 100 countries have ratified the treaty since 1963.</P><P>OCTOBER 1964: CHINA BOMB TEST<BR>The People's Republic of China explodes its first nuclear bomb.</P><P>JANUARY 1966: BROKEN ARROW<BR>A U.S. B-52 bomber carrying nuclear weapons crashes off the coast of Spain. Three hydrogen bombs hit the ground; one falls into the Mediterranean Sea. None of the bombs detonates, and all are eventually recovered, but radioactive plutonium is released on Spanish soil, prompting a massive cleanup effort by the U.S. military. This is just one of scores of incidents described by the U.S. military as "broken arrows" -- lost nuclear weapons.</P><P>JULY 1968: NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY<BR>Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. They agree to not transfer nuclear weapons to other nations, or to assist or encourage other nations to develop their own nuclear devices. The treaty goes into effect in 1970. By 1986, more than 186 countries had ratified that accord.</P><P>NOVEMBER 1969: SALT<BR> Phase One of talks on SALT, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, begin in Helsinki, Finland. These talks eventually lead to the signing of the SALT I treaty in May of 1972.</P><P>MAY 1974: INDIA BOMB TEST<BR>India detonates its first nuclear device, a 10-to05 kiloton bomb, under the Rajasthan desert.</P><P>NOVEMBER 1974: NUCLEAR ARMS LIMIT<BR>The United States and the Soviet Union, at a meeting in Vladivostok, agree to limit their nuclear arsenals. Each side agrees to have no more than 2,400 strategic launchers (i.e., bombers and offensive missiles) -- 1,300 of which could have multiple warheads.</P><P>MARCH 1979: THREE MILE ISLAND<BR>The Three Mile Island Nuclear Power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, suffers a partial core meltdown. What is described as minimal radioactive material is released.</P><P>MARCH 1983: STAR WARS<BR>U.S. President Ronald Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Commonly known as Star Wars, SDI is envisioned as a satellite-based nuclear defense system, which would destroy incoming missiles and warheads in space.</P><P>AUGUST 1985: TESTING MORATORIUM<HR>The Soviet Union announces a nuclear testing moratorium.</P><P>APRIL 1986: CHERNOBYL<BR>A meltdown and fire occur at the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor in the Soviet Ukraine. Massive quantities of radioactive materials are released, affecting much of Europe.</P><P>DECEMBER 1987: INF TREATY<BR>Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. President Reagan sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty -- the first arms accord signed by both Moscow and Washington that calls for the elimination of an entire class of weapons -- intermediate-range missiles.</P><P>JULY 1991: START<BR>The United States and the Soviet Union sign the Strategic Arms Reductions Talks, or START, treaty. The START negotiations began in 1982. They signify further reductions in nuclear arms. The former Soviet republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine agree in principle to START one year later.</P><P>1992: NORTH KOREA<BR>North Korea, suspected of developing a nuclear weapons program, withdraws from the Non-Proliferation Treaty. In 1995, after extensive negotiations, an international consortium agrees to construct two light-water nuclear reactors for Pyongyang, to replace an older, Soviet-built reactor. The deal is in exchange for a freeze on any North Korean nuclear weapons programs.</P><P>MAY 1995: CHINA TESTS<BR>China conducts the first of two underground nuclear tests.</P><P>AUGUST 1995: U.S. TEST BAN<BR>The United States announces a total ban on all U.S. nuclear weapons testing.</P><P>SEPTEMBER 1995: FRENCH TESTS<BR> Despite international protests, France resumes nuclear testing in the South Pacific.</P><P>SEPTEMBER 1996: TEST BAN TREATY<BR>The United Nations approves the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), which bans nuclear test explosions but not laboratory testing. India rejects the treaty as flawed. Pakistan says it will not sign unless India does so first.</P><P>MAY 1998: INDIA/PAKISTAN TESTS<BR>India conducts five underground nuclear tests. Pakistan responds with its own series of nuclear tests, several days later.</P> <form name=seek method=get action="http://search.cnn.com:8765/query.html"> <table width="460" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" border="0" bgcolor="#333399"><tr valign=top> <td> <a href="http://search.cnn.com" class=white><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#FFFFFF" size="1">Search CNN by <img src="/images/1998/05/homepage/infoseek.logo.gif" alt="Infoseek" width="66" height="17" border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" align="absmiddle"></font></b></a> <br> <b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" color="#FFFFFF" size="1">          Enter keyword(s)   </font></b> <input type=text name=qt size=30 value="" maxlength=50>    <a href="javascript:document.seek.submit()"><FONT face="Helvetica, Arial,sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFFFF" size="2">go</FONT></A>    <a href="http://search.cnn.com:8765/help/"><FONT face="Helvetica, Arial,sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFFFF" size="2">help</FONT></A> <input type=hidden name=qc value=""> <input type=hidden name=col value="cnni"> <input type=hidden name=qm value="0"> <input type=hidden name=st value="1"> <input type=hidden name=nh value="10"> <input type=hidden name=lk value="1"> <input type=hidden name=rf value="1"> </td> </tr> </table> </form>  </TD></TR><TR><TD COLSPAN="3"><HR NOSHADE WIDTH="600" SIZE="1" ALIGN="LEFT"><TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="600" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TD WIDTH="120"> </TD><TD WIDTH="8" ALIGN=RIGHT> </TD><TD WIDTH="468"><A HREF="/event.ng/Type=click&RunID=9841&ProfileID=481&AdID=8250&GroupID=80&FamilyID=328&TagValues=434.435.594.598.629.657&Redirect=http:%2F%2Fcnn.com%2Ffeedback%2Fhelp%2Fbasic%2Fhome.html" target="_top"><img src="http://images.cnn.com/ads/advertiser/cnn/9810/start468.gif.gif" border=1 height=60 width=468 alt="Set your startup to CNN.com"></a><table width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><td align="right"><font face="verdana,ARIAL,sans-serif" size=1><a href="/event.ng/Type=click&RunID=9841&ProfileID=481&AdID=8250&GroupID=80&FamilyID=328&TagValues=434.435.594.598.629.657&Redirect=http:%2F%2Fcnn.com%2Ffeedback%2Fhelp%2Fbasic%2Fhome.html" target="_top">Set your startup to CNN.com</a></font></td></table></TD></TR></TABLE></TD></TR></TD></TR></TABLE><TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="600" CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TD WIDTH=125> </TD><TD WIDTH="5"> </TD><TD WIDTH="460"><center> <br clear=all> <font face="HELVETICA, ARIAL, sans-serif" size="2"> <a href="#top"> Back to the top</a> </font> <font face="HELVETICA, ARIAL, sans-serif" size="1"> <br>© 1998 Cable News Network, Inc. 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